Glossary of Terms - Endometriosis
Endometriosis can be confusing and Doctors can sometimes not help by using words that
add to the lack of understanding. Please use the following terms for help and understanding.
If you come across other terms that you would like an explaination for then please email
dian@endometriosis.co.uk requesting the information and we will add it to the list.
(A) (B) (C)
(D) (E) (F) (G)
(H) (I) (J) (K)
(L) (M) (N) (O)
(P) (Q) (R) (S)
(T) (U) (V) (W)
(Y) (Z)
- A
- Acute
- Describes a disease of rapid onset, severe symptoms and brief duration.
Acute abdomen as with ectopic pregnancy or ruptured ovarian cysts. (See
pain).
- Adipose tissue
- The fat storage tissue of the body.
- Abdomen
- Belly. The area of the body below the lungs and above the hips. Internally
known as the peritoneal cavity. (see peritoneal cavity)
- Adhesions
- Used in medicine to describe the abnormal attachment of organs to
each other by fibrous scar tissue. Caused usually by trauma to tissue
from an injury or surgery. Endometriosis causes adhesion formation in
the peritoneal cavity from the congealed sticky blood strands. (see
endometriosis and peritoneal cavity).
- Aflotoxins
- A poisinous substance in the spore of fungus which affects peanuts.
- Allergy
- A hypersensitive immune response acquired by some individuals to environmental
substances. These environmental substances are called allergens, the
most common of which are pollen, dust and animal dander. With foodstuffs
the most common allergens are wheat, dairy and citrus fruits. (see immune
system)
- Amenorrhoea
- The absence of the menstrual period (monthly bleeding). (See menstrual
cycle and menstrual period)
- Amino acid
- The fundamental chemical constituents of all proteins. (see proteins)
The digestive tract breaks down proteins into amino acids in order for
that portion to be absorbed into the blood stream. Used as building
blocks by the body to produce hormones, enzymes, prostaglandins, etc..
- Analgesic
- A drug that relieves pain.
- Anabolic hormones
- Hormones which stimulate the formation of the larger chemicals of
the body from the smaller precursor chemicals. For instance an anabolic
hormone stimulates the building up of body proteins, like muscle proteins,
from amino acids. Testosterone is an anabolic hormone which is built
up from oils and proteins. (The opposite to catabolism).
- Anaemia
- A condition in which the blood has a deficient number of red blood
cells (RBCs) or haemaglobin, the iron based molecule in RBCs that carries
oxygen in the blood. (see red blood cells). Anaemia may be caused by
deficiencies of iron, copper, B12 or B6.
- Anorexia nervosa
- An illness common in female adolescents, in which the patients starve
themselves or use other techniques, such as vomiting or taking laxatives,
to induce weight loss. Motivated by a false perception of their bodies
as fat. Linked to deficiencies in iron and zinc. Zinc is used by 20
enzymes in the brain and by the hypothalamus - the seat of appetite
control.
- Anovulatory
- No ovulation occurs during the menstrual cycle. (see LUFs)
- Ascorbic acid
- Vitamin C. (see vitamin C)
- Antagonist
- A substance such as a vitamin or mineral whose action opposes that
of another. It has the opposite action which it inhibits. Thus taking
zinc at the same time as iron can cut down the absorption of both. They
should be taken at different times.
- Antibiotics
- Drugs that inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Prolonged use may
disrupt gut flora and oestrogen excretion. Use probiotics after taking
a course of antibiotics will replace the bifido bacteria.(see probiotics)
- Antibody
- A 'Y' shaped protein (produced by the immune system B-lymphocytes)
that attacks matter that is 'alien' to the body. (see immune system)
- Antigens
- Substances that are 'alien' to the body and which elicit an immune
response when they enter the body. (see immune system) e.g. virus and
bacteria
- ART
- Assisted reproductive technology. The use of processes like IVF, GIFT
and ICSI to help infertile couple conceive. (see IVF, GIFT, ICSI)
- Autoimmune disease
- When the immune system wrongly attacks it's own tissue and treats
it as if it were 'alien' matter. A false recognition pattern seems to
evolve.
- B
TOP
- Bacteria
- A loosely used term that refers to microorganisms that are usually
rod shaped and are not viruses or fungi. Some bacteria such as the bifido
bacteria in our gut are beneficial. Other types of bacteria are dangerous
to health. e.g. salmonella
- Biochemistry
- The chemistry of living organisms.
- Bioflavinoids
- Give colour to leaves and plants. Used to be called vitamin P.Strengthen
cappilary wals and help prevent bruising. Found in fruits and vegetables.
- Blastocyst
- An early stage of embryonic development that occurs at 7-8 days after
fertilization. A blastocyst consists of a hollow ball of cells with
a localised thickening that will develop into the embryo. (see embryo
and zygote) Diagram on Page xxx of Chapter 2.
- Bonds
- In chemistry, the physical (magnetic, electrical and chemical) forces
that keep atoms of a molecule attached to each other.
- Bone Marrow
- Cells found in the centre of the long bones (femur etc.) that manufacture
most of the blood cells.
- Boron
- Boron works very much like oestrogen to prevent loss of minerals from
the bone and oesteoporosis. Synergy with vitamin D and calcium.Modulates
immune and inflammatory processes..
- Brain
- The enlarged and highly developed mass of nervous tissue that forms
the upper end of the central nervous system. Encased in the skull. It
sends nervous ganglia throughout the body to recieve and send messages.
Two-thirds of the brain is built up of oils. It relies on nutrients
to pass messages across gaps and the neurotransmitters are based on
proteins.
- Bulimia
- Insatiable overeating, due to neurological causes. The hypothalamus
may be at fault.
- C
TOP
- Caffeine
- An alkaloid drug, obtained from coffee, chocolate, coke and tea, that
has a stimulant action, particularly on the central nervous and reproductive
systems.
- Calcium
- Metallic element essential for the normal development and functioning
of the body - constituent of bones and teeth, muscle function. Its uptake
is facilitated by Vitamin D. Works in the immune and nervous systems.
- Calorie
- A unit of measure used to determine the amount of energy in foodstuffs.
It is equal to the amount of energy that would be able to raise the
temperature of one gram of water one degree Centigrade.
- Cancer
- Malignant growth of abnormal cells which may invade and spread to
other parts of the body and can cause death.
- Candida Albicans
- A genus of yeast (fungus) that is commonly found in the human gut
flora. In some individuals Candida Albicans will overwhelm the digestive
and immune system. If a yeast infection develops it can lead to food
intolerances and disrupt normal hormonal regulation..
- Carbohydrate
- A group of compounds, including the sugars and starch and fibres (non-starch
polysaccharides), that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Used by
the body for energy production but excess intake is converted to fat
and stored in adipose tissue. Fibre is essential to health and should
be eaten daily.
- Carcinogenic
- A substance or action that causes cancer, e.g. bar-b-qued foods, burnt
food, chemicals, pesticides.
- Catabolic hormones
- Hormones which stimulate the breakdown of the larger chemicals of
the body to form smaller precursor chemicals. For instance some catabolic
hormone stimulates the breakdown of body proteins, like muscle proteins,
into amino acids (muscle wasting). The opposite to anabolism.
- Cataracts
- Clouding of the lens of the eye resulting in blurred vision..
- Cell
- The basic unit of all living organisms, which can reproduce itself
exactly using the DNA blueprint at its core.. A group of cells is referred
to as a tissue. The body is made up of many different types of cell
- nerve, immune, sperm, connective tissue fat cells.etc.
- Cell-mediated immunity
- This involves free-floating white cells in the blood stream which
neutralise 'alien' invaders.
- Cell Membrane
- The phospholipid layer which protects the cell organelles from damage,
allowing substances to move in and out. Made up from oils. (see cytoplasm)
- Cellulose
- A fibrous carbohydrate consisting of linked glucose units that can
not be digested by the human. It passes through the body unchanged but
as it is able to absorb water, cholesterol and oestrogens. It speeds
up excretion time and helps the body rid itself of harmful toxins. The
cell walls of all fruts, vegetables, cereals, nuts, seeds are made of
cellulose.
- Cervix
- The small opening of the uterus into the vagina. (see uterus and vagina)
- Chelate
- A chemical substance which attaches in a claw like manner to metals
and can prevent the metals, especially, heavy metals such as lead, mercury,
cadmium from hurting the body.
- Chemotoxins
- hemicals which have a toxic effect in the body.
- Chlamydia
- A virus-like bacteria which causes damage to the reproductive system
leading to infertility. Studies show 81.7% of women under 25 years to
be infected.
- Chocolate Cysts
-
See Endometrioma.
- Cholecalciferol
- See vitamin D.
- Choriocarcinoma
- Highly invasive malignant tumor that can develop from the chorion,
a membrane that surrounds the foetus. (see chorion) Hydratidform mole
occurs when the blastocyst turns cancerous.
- Chorion
- The embryonic membrane that totally surrounds the embryo and serves
as a protective barrier while in uterus. (see embryo)
- Chromosomes
- Thread-like structures in the cell nucleus that carry genetic information.
The human has 46 chromosomes. (see gene and DNA)
- Chromium
- Needed for glucose tolerance factor along with B3. Used for fatty
acid synthesis. Deficiency leads to heart disease.
- Chronic
- Describes a disease of long duration involving slow changes. (See
endometriosis and pain).
- Cis-fatty acid
- The natural form in which oils exist. Builds a strong cell membrane.
Found only in cold-pressed oils.
- Clomiphene
- A synthetic nonsteroidal compound used in IVF that stimulates the
pituitary to produce hormones (FSH & LH) that induces follicular growth
and egg development by the ovary. (see FSH, LH and ovarian follicle)
- Codeine
- An analgesic derived from morphine but less potent as a pain killer
and sedative and is less toxic.
- Collagen
- The main supportive protein of the skin, tendons, bone. It relies
on upatke of vitamins A and C essential fatty acids and zinc for its
formation.
- Complementary Medicine
- Systems of healing which complement orthodox medicine, including homeopathy,
herbal remedies, acupuncture, osteopathy, chiropractic, holistic, naturopathy,
hydrotherapy and faith healing.
- Conception
- In reproduction, conception refers to the process of fertilization
of the egg when the egg and sperm collide and new life begins. (see
fertilization and pronuclei)
- Congenital
- From birth.
- Constipation
- Difficult, incomplete, or infrequent evacuation of the bowel. Insufficient
fibre is being eaten which reduces water uptake. This leads to a build
up of harmful toxins and reduced excretion of cholesterol, oestrogens.
Related to some food intolerances, wheat, bananas, cheese and eggs can
trigger constipation. Vitamin C and magnesium are known to soften stools.
- Cytoplasm
- The fluid matrix inside the living cell which surround all the organelles.
(see cell) and diagram in chapter 2
- Corpus luteum (CL)
- The structure that forms from the follicles of the ovary after ovulation.
The corpus luteum produces the hormone progesterone which supports the
pregnant state. (see ovary, ovulation and progesterone)
- D
TOP
- Department of Health
- A department of central government in the UK that supports the Secretary
of State for Health in meeting his obligations which include the National
Health Service and the prevention and control of infectious diseases.
- Dermatitis
- Infection or irritation of the skin
- Dietitian
- A trained dietitian looks at a person's calorie intake and assesses
which foods should be eaten whilst they are ill or overweight.
- Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
- A synthetic oestrogen used as a drug replacement for natural oestrogen.
DES given to pregnant women to prevent abortion in the 1960's was found
to cause abnormal development of their developing baby's reproductive
tract.
- Dioxins
- A powerful toxin used in industrial processes and as an aerial herbicide.
Used in 'agent orange' during the Viet Nam. Known to damage the reproductive
system due to its oestrogenic effect on body cells and thought to be
a carcinogen. Stored in body fat so care must be taken when dieting
to go slowly. Powerful immunosuppressants.
- D-gamma linolenic acid (DGLA)
- An omega 6 essential fatty acid found in evening primrose oil.
- Diabetes mellitus
- An endocrine disease caused by insufficient insulin production by
the pancreas. Blood sugars, like glucose, are not used properly by the
body cells of people with diabetes mellitus. (see pancreas). There is
a new research link between low insulin levels and polycystic ovaries.
- Diet
- The mixture of foods that a person eats. A 'balanced' diet contains
adequate quantities of all the macro and micro-nutrients. As we are
all unique individuals our needs will vary.
- DL Phenylalanine (DLPA)
- Phenylalanine is an amino acid that occurs as two mirror images, the
L and D form. The L form occurs naturally in the body and the D form
is man made. DL Phenylalanine is a mixture of the L and D forms and
is used for pain relief, as an appetite suppresant and works an anti-depressant..
- DNA
- Deoxyrobonucleic acid. The scientific name for the chemical that our
genes are composed from. (see gene and chromosome) It is found in all
living cells and acts as a blueprint for cell reproduction and renewal.
If part of the DNA is corrupted then cell mutations can occur.
- Dopamine
- A hormone which is found in the adrenals and brain.
- Dysmenorrhea or Painful Periods
-
Period pains are cramping abdominal pains experienced during, and
sometimes just before a woman's monthly period. They affect up to
80% of women at some time in their lives. Women with primary
dysmenorrhea have increased production of endometrial prostaglandin,
resulting in increased uterine tone and stronger, more frequent
uterine contractions. It is a common cause of absenteeism and reduced
quality of life in women. The problem is often underdiagnosed and
undertreated. It is one of the symptoms of endometriosis
- Dyspareunia or Painful Intercourse
-
Pain during or after sexual intercourse is known as dyspareunia. Although it
can affect men it is more common in women. It can be caused in endometriosis if
adhesions stick organs together or with large ovarian cysts or internal inflammation.
There are a variety of causes and
places for the soreness or pain to occur. Women with dyspareunia may feel
superficial pain at the entrance to the vagina, or deeper pain with penetration
or penile thrusting.
- E
TOP
- Eczema
- A non-contagious inflammation of the skin that is characterized with
redness, itching and sometimes sores. May be related in some to dairy
intolerances and low fatty acid intake.
- Edema/oedema
- Swelling, retention of fluid in spaces between cells. Soft tissue
edema is spelled oedema in England. Can be caused by food intolerances
and leaky gut syndromes.
- Essential fatty acid (EFA)
- One of a group of unsaturated fatty acids that are essential for growth
and development but cannot be synthesised by the body (linoleic, and
alpha linolenic acids).
- Embryo
- The first cells of the newborn from fertilization to about 8 weeks
of development.
- Embryology
- The study of the growth and development of the embryo.
- Endocrine system
- The body's control system that involves interactions between hormones.
The word endocrine means internal secretions which act as messengers.
Includes the hypothalamus, hypocampus, thyrod, parathyroid, thymus,
adrenals, ovaries and testes.
- Endocrinology
- The study of the endocrine glands and the substances they secrete
(hormones). (see hormones)
- Endogenous
- Contained or produced in the body.
- Endometrioma or Chocolate cyst
-
These cysts are the result of an endometrial implant normally in the ovary.
As the endometrial tissue reacts with the menstrual cycle and bleeds
each month, the chocolate cyst is formed by this blood that is
contained within the cyst. Stale blood turns a chocolate colour, hence
the name.
- Endometriosis
- The disease condition where endometrium develops and grows in areas
and oragns of the body other than where it belongs. The endometrium
is normally found lining the uterus. Endometriosis can cause pain and
infertility. (see uterus and endometrium)
- Endometriotic Implants
- The pieces of endometrium that develop outside the womb of women who
have endometriosis. (see endometrium) i.e. on the bowel and bladder,
ovaries and appendix.
- Endometrium
- The inner lining of the uterus that is the surface where the blastocyst/embryo
implants during pregnancy. The endometrium is the tissue that is lost
during the menstrual period and it is also the source of tissue for
endometriosis formation. (see uterus and endometriosis). It relies on
oestrogen for its growth.
- Endorphins
- Small molecules secreted by the brain that act as a natural analgesics.
e.g. morphine, does in controlling pain. A product of the pituitary
gland. They are thought to be concerned with controlling the activity
of the endocrine glands. Thiamine is known to be used by endorphins.
- Enzyme
- An organic chemical, usually a protein, that speeds up biochemical
reactions or causes the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules.
They act as catalysts as the reaction does not change them. The co-factors
used to create enzymes are vitamins. Each enzyme is very specific just
as are door keys. They are vital for body function.
- Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
- An omega 3 EFA found in fish liver oils. The body metabolises EPA
to form anti-inflammatory prostaglandins, keeps blood thin, important
in prevention of heart disease, PMS and cancers.
- Epididymis
- The collecting tube on the side of the testes that store sperm before
ejaculation. (see testes, Sertoli cell and sperm)
- Epithelial Cells
- The surface cells that usually cover the outer or innermost layers
of an organ.
- Evening primrose oil (EPO)Gamma linolenic acid (GLA).
- The precursor to anti-inflammatory prostaglandins. A useful addition
to the diet with conditions such as endometriosis, arthritis, asthma,
PMS, eczema and heart disease. Stops blood becoming sticky. Should not
be used by those with epilepsy or manic depression. (see precursor)
- Essential amino acid (EAA)
- Eight-ten amino acid are essential for normal growth and development
but cannot be synthesised by the body. Amino acids are the smallest
part of a protein after the body has digested it. Used for tissue renewal,
enzymes, hormones etc.
- Essential fatty acid (EFA)
- A fatty acid that is essential for normal growth and development but
cannot be synthesised by the body. Used in brain cells and cell membranes
- Embryo transfer (ET)
- The placement of embryos into the uterus at the end of an IVF cycle.
(see IVF and uterus)
- Enzyme saturation
- When all cells are replete with all the nutrients which they require
in order to work at their most optimum level.
- Estrogen\oestrogen
- The female sex hormone secreted in large concentrations by the ovary
and placenta. Responsible for the female secondary sex characteristics.
Estrogen is spelled oestrogen in England. (see ovary and placenta) It
comprises a group of hormones - oestriol, oestrone, oestradiol. Small
amounts are produced by the adrenal cortex,fat cells and testes.
- F
TOP
- Fallopian tubes
- Two tubes attached at each corner of the uterus which stretch out
towards the ovaries. It is the passage way used by eggs to meet the
sperm and the place of fertilisation. The newly formed embryo can then
enter the uterus. Also known as the oviducts. (see uterus)
- Family planning
- The use of contraception to limit or space out the numbers of children
born to a couple. To maintain the woman's health one child every two
years is felt to be optimum.
- Fertilisation
- The fusion of a sperm and an ovum. (see sperm and ova)
- Fertility rate
- The number of live births occurring in a year per 1000 women of child-bearing
age (usually 15-44 years of age).
- Fibriods or myomas
-
Fibroid tumors are benign (non-cancerous) growths consisting of dense,
fibrous tissue, which are nourished and sustained by a series of blood
vessels. There are a variety of type of Uterine Fibroid that are
classified by there location within or upon the uterous. Said to affect
up to 30% of women. Some women have endometriosis and fibroids.
- Flatulence
- Gas that forms in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. An excess of gas
can be formed when the bacteriodes bacteria become overgrown as the
bifido bacteria are destroyed by antibiotics, the pill, HRT and stress.
- Foetus
- Baby before birth. (see pregnancy)
- Folic acid
- B vitamin essential for preventing foetal abnormalities. Reduced by
the pill and stress. The metabolic role of folic acid is interdependent
with that of zinc and vitamin B12 (both are required by rapidly dividing
cells) and a deficiency in one may lead to a deficiency in the other.
- Follicle
- See Ovarian Follicle.
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- The hormone that is released by the anterior pituitary gland that
stimulates the ovary to produce follicles and mature eggs. Released
in the first 14 days of the cycle. (see pituitary,ova and ovary) In
anovulation the FSH is deficient.
- FOS
- See prebiotics.
- Free Radicals
- Small singlet oxygen molecules that have a high capacity to chemically
react with other molecules. They are highly unstable as they only have
one electron and try to steal another from a normal cell membrane or
its DNA. This chemical reaction can be destructive especially to protein
molecules. Also known as free oxidising radicals (FoR's).
- G
TOP
- Gamete
- A mature sex cell: the egg of the female or the sperm of the male.
Gametes are haploid, containing half the normal number of chromosomes.
(see sperm, ova chromosome and gamete). 23 chromosomes in an ova and
23 in a sperm, so that when they meet the embryo has a full 46.
- Gastrointestinal (GI)
- Pertaining to the stomach and intestine; the digestive tract/system.
(see diagram X page X)
- Gene
- The basic unit of genetic material, which is found at a unique place
on a chromosome. (see chromosome and DNA) e.g. a damaged P53 gene is
known to be responsible for cancer formation
- General practitioner (GP)
- A doctor who is the main agent of primary care, through whom patients
make first contact with medical services. The majority have had no training
in nutrition.
- Germ cells
- The precursor cells that have the potential to develop into sperm
or eggs. (see precursor, sperm and ova)
- Gestation
- The duration of a pregnancy. See Pregnancy.
- Gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT)
- A form of assisted reproduction in which ova are mixed with the partner's
sperm and then introduced into a fallopian tube where fertilisation
takes place. (See ova, sperm and fertilisation)
- Gamma linolenic acid (GLA)
- An EFA (essential fatty acid) abundant in evening primrose oil. (see EFA and evening primrose
oil)
- Glycoprotein
- Large protein molecules that also contain sugar (carbohydrate) molecules.
(see protein)
- Glucose
- A simple sugar used by cells in energy production. Two teaspoons are
the norm in the body's eitght pints of blood. (see carbohydrate)
- Gonadotrophins
- The hormones (LH and FSH) released from the pituitary gland which
stimulate the ovaries to produce follicles and undergo the process of
ovulation. (see pituitary, LH and FSH)
- Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
- Hormone produced in the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary
to produce and secrete gonadotrophins. . (see pituitary, LH and FSH)
Its production is dependent on absorption of zinc and vitamin B6.
- Graafian follicle
- A mature follicle on the ovary prior to ovulation, containing a large
fluid-filled cavity that distends the surface of the ovary. The oocyte
develops inside the follicle attached to one side. (see ovarian follicle,
ovary and ovulation)
- Granulosa Cells
- The cells that line the inside of the Graffian follicle. They produce
large amounts of oestrogen and the fluid of the follicle. They also
supply nutrients to the egg and, as a result of this role, are also
called 'nurse cells.' (see ovary, ovarian follicle and oestrogen)
- Gram
- A unit of weight equal to 0.035 ounces.
- Growth factor
- A polypeptide (small protein) that is produced by tissue that stimulates
cells to proliferate.
- Gynaecologist
- Doctor specialising in women's reproductive illnesses.
- H
TOP
- Human chorionic gonadatrophic (HCG)
- Hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy, used as the basis
for pregnancy test. (see pregnancy and placenta). HCG maintains the
secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum of the ovary as the secretion
of pituitary GnRH is blocked during pregnancy. Poor placental formation
will leads to poor HCG secretion and the pregancy will not be mainatined.
- Health centre
- A building owned or leased by a District Health Authority, that houses
personnel or services from one or several sections of the National Health
Service.
- Health education
- Persuasive methods used to encourage people to adopt life styles that
the educators believe will improve health and to reject habits regarded
as harmful to health. Disease prevention.
- Health promotion
- A programme of surveillance planned on a community basis to maintain
the best possible health and quality of life of the members of that
community, both collectively and individually.
- Histamine
- A chemical that has can cause blood vessels to dilate (get large).
It is secreted at the site of a wound and is one of the major factors
that cause the wound to become red. It is also secreted by the immune
system during an immune response to antigens. (see Immune system and
antigen). Involved in anaphelactic shock. Vitamin C is anti-histamine.
- Holistic
- Viewing the body as a whole unit which works together when considering
matters of health and healing. Prevention being better than cure.
- Homeostasis
- The tendency of the body to always strive to maintain a stable or
uniform state.
- Hormone
- The body's chemical messengers that are secreted by the endocrine
glands.
- Hormone receptors
- Special proteins on or in cells to which hormones attach. Attachment
(binding) of the hormone to the receptor will cause the endocrine effect
of the hormone. (see endocrinology and hormone) Can be disrupted by
exogenous hormones from pesticides.
- Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
- The administration of oestrogen and progesterone to replace the lack
of these hormones in women that have no ovarian function due to menopause
or surgery. (see menopause, oestrogen, progesterone and ovary) Natural
menopause should not be a problem if a woman is well nourished. Foods
contain phyto-oestrogens and progesterones which can be used in the
diet to preserve health. HRT is linked to breast cancers and strokes.
- Hyperventilation
- Rapid deep breathing. Lowers the carbon dioxide in the blood and can
lead to unconsciouness, dizziness and spaced out feelings. Low oxygen
supply to cells causes malfunction.
- Hypoglycaemia
- Low amounts of glucose sugar in the blood. (see diabetes mellitus).
This can lead to irritability, weakness, fatigue, excessive sweating.
The body relies on zinc based insulin and glucose tolerance factor (B3
and chromium based) to control blood sugar levels.
- Hypothalamus
- Part of the base of the brain that is connected to the pituitary gland.
Secretes hormones that control the production and secretion of the pituitary
hormones. (see pituitary). The seat of appetite control. Also oversees
body temperature. Integrates hormone control and nervous sytem activity.
- Hypothyroid
- A condition where the thyroid is secreting insufficient amounts of
thyroid hormones, T3,T4, TSH. (see thyroid) Causes constipation, skin
coarseness, sluggishness, lethargy, dull brain, loss of outer 1/3rd
of eyebrows.
- Hysterectomy
- Surgical removal of the uterus. (see uterus) Should only be essential
if diseased. Removal of the uterus has been seen to shorten life by
5 years and lead to strokes and heart disease. When the ovaries are
also removed life-expectancy is reduced by ten years.
- Humoral Immunity
- The fluid and hormonal (i.e., humors) system of the body. The immune
system depends upon antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes circulating
via the blood stream.
- I
TOP
- Iatrogenic condition
- Describes a condition that has resulted from medical treatment, as
either an unforseen or inevitable side-effect. e.g. hair loss with chemotherapy,
gut flora disruption with antibiotics
- Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
- The injection of a single sperm directly into an ova by an endocrinologist.
The resulting zygote is then transfered back into the woman's uterus.
(see ova and sperm)
- Immune
- Having a natural resistance to harmful substances.
- Immune System
- The defense system of the body that helps fight off infections from
bacteria, viruses and other 'alien' substances.
- Infant mortality rate (IMR)
- The number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1000 live
births in a given year.
- Infertility
- Inability of a couple to induce conception after 12-18 months of unprotected
sexual intercourse.
- Inflammation
- The body's response to injury, which may be acute or chronic. It is
associated with a local increase in temperature and the activation of
the immune system. Histamines are released. (see immune system)
- In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)
- The fertilisation of the egg outside of the body usually in a dish
in a specially designed incubator.
- Interferon
- Produced by macrophages and T-lymphocytes. Protects cells from damage
by shutting down the mitochondria, the energy production site in order
to stop the virus from reproducing itself.. Needs choline, manganese
and vitamin C. Our ability to produce interferon is damaged by pesticides.
- Interleukins
- Regulating chemicals secreted by the white blood cells (leukocytes).
(see white blood cells) e.g. interluekin 2 stimulates T-lymphocytes
and is used in the treatment of cancer.
- Iron
- A metallic element essential to the process of respiration and therefore
life. It stimulates immunity, boosts physical performance and allows
blood to carry oxygen to cells for energy production
- L
TOP
- Lactation
- The production and release of milk from the breast. (see prolactin
and pituitary)
- Laparoscope
- A fiber-optics surgical instrument that can be inserted through a
small incision the belly button to view the contents of the peritoneal
cavity.
- Laparoscopy
- A surgical procedure for the examination of the peritoneal cavity
using a laparoscope. Also called 'Belly Button' surgery.
- Laparotomy
- A surgical procedure for the examination of the peritoneal cavity
using a longer incision in the abdominal wall (belly).
- Leaky gut
- Where the gut membrane has been eroded or breached and toxins can
enter the blood stream and set up intolerances and toxic feelings.
- leiomyoma
-
See Fibroids
- Lindane
- A powerful insecticide which has oestrogenic properties. Found in
chocolate and milk and linked to breast cancer.
- Linoleic acid
- An omega 6 polyunsaturated cis fatty acid. We cannot make this and
depend upon good oils in foods. Found in vegetable oils such as sunflower
and safflower oils.
- Linolenic acid (LA)
- An omega 3 cis fatty acid. We cannot make this and depend upon food
intake. The alpha form is found in fish oils and linseeds. (see EFA)
- Lipids
- Water insoluble substances which have a greasy feel. They include
neutral fats, fatty acids, steroids and waxes.
- Luteinising hormone (LH)
- Hormone produced by the pituitary which stimulates the corpus luteum
to produce progesterone. Released from day fourteen to day twenty eight
in the normal cycle. ( see pituitary, corpus luteum and progesterone).
- Luteinising unruptured follicle syndrome (LUFs)
- The condition where a women appears to have a normal menstrual cycle
but the egg does not ovulate out of the ovarian follicle. (see anovulation)
- Lymph
- A transparent to yellow coloured liquid found in lymphatic vessels.
(see lymph system) It carries lymphocytes and bathes tissues
- Lymph glands
- Structures found in the lymphatic system that filters the lymph and
is part of the immune system. (see immune system) Found in the neck,
groin, armpit. They prevent 'aliens' from entering the blood stream.
- Lymphatic system
- A system of tubes (lymph vessels) that drain lymph from various organs
and return the lymph to the blood. Part of the immune system. (see immune
system and tonsils)
- Lymphocyte
- A type of white blood cell that originates from the lymph glands.
- Lysosome
- A particle inside cells which helps break down 'alien' invaders.
- M
TOP
- Macrophage
- A wandering cell that is found in tissue and blood that can phagocytize
(eat) bacteria and other 'alien' matter that makes it way into the body.
(see phagocytize, white blood cell and immune system)
- Magnesium
- A white metallic element that is an essential nutrient. Magnesium
deficiency can lead to impaired nerve and muscle function. Marginal
magnesium deficiency is becoming common. It causes loss of appetite,
nausea, diarrhoea, confusion, muscle tremors and spasms, lack of co-ordination.
Useful with PMS and abdominal cramps.
- Malabsorption
- When the intestines are malfunctioning and nutrients from foods are
not absorbed effectively into the blood stream. It can be due to coeliac
problems when gluten damages the villi, or if the gut mucosa is damaged
by drugs or constant stress. It may be corrected by slippery elm and
butyric acid and NAG.
- Medical
- Of or relating to medicine; the diagnosis, treatment and prevention
of disease.
- Medicine
- The science or practice of the diagnosis, treatment and prevention
of disease.
- Melatonin
- Excess melatonin is felt to hamper fertility and raises the levels
of prolactin. Modern life causes imbalances in light and dark cycles
which affect melatonin production. Zinc is vital in this process as
is natural daylight. Exposure to electro-magnetic fields reduce melatonin
levels Blocks oestrogen from binding to oestrogen receptors of cells,
e.g. breast cancer cells (see pineal gland)
- Menarche
- Start of menstrual cycles. (see menstrual cycle and menstrual period)
Usually from the age 12 to 17.
- Menopause
- The end of the monthly menstrual cycle that results from the use of
all of the eggs of the ovary. Usually starts between 44 to 55 years
of age and takes 7 years to occur naturally. (see HRT, ova and menstrual
cycle)
- Menstrual cycle
- The reproductive cycle of women that lasts for approximately one month.
The menstrual cycle is controlled by the hormones of the pituitary,
ovary and uterus. During the menstrual cycle, the endometrium of the
uterus thickens in preparation for pregnancy, if pregnancy does not
occur the endometrium is sloughed off as the menstrual period (flow)
and the cycle is repeated. (see uterus, pituitary, ovary and endometrium)
- Menstrual Period
- That part of the menstrual cycle that is associated with the flow
of blood out of the vagina. Also referred to as "menstruation" or "menstrual
bleeding." (see menstrual cycle) Should be painfree and symptomless
in healthy individuals. The nutrients, B6, zinc, chromium, magnesium
and vitamin C are known to play a role.
- Metabolism
- The biochemical reactions of the body that are involved in the maintenance
of life. The thyroid gland and hypothalamus are related to metabolic
rate at which foods are burnt to provide energy. Iodine and selemium
are important for this process.
- Microgram
- A millionth part of a gram.
- Milligram
- A thousandth part of a gram.
- Miscarriage
- The fatal tragic premature loss of a foetus due to natural causes.
- Mitochrondria
- A small organelle found inside of all cells that makes the energy
molecules of the cell. Exercise promotes the formation of more mitochondria.
- Morula
- An early embryo with 16 to approximately 200 cells. (see embryo)
- Mutagen
- A substance which can cause changes in the DNA of cells of the body.
(see DNA and gene)
- Mutation
- A change in form, structure or characteristics of an organism due
to alterations in the DNA of the nucleus. (see DNA and gene)
- myomas
-
See Fibroids
- Myometrium
- The thick muscle layer of the uterus. It contracts during the birthing
process to expel the baby. Menstrual cramps are the pain signals transmitted
to the brain during myometrial contractions. (see uterus). In PMS these
cramps can be alleviated by use of magnesium supplements.
- N
TOP
- NAG
- N acetyl Glucosamine is an integral part of the 'glue' which holds
cells together, especially for mucous membranes lining the intestines.(see
integrins ch apter 11)
- Naturopathy
- A system of medicine that relies upon the use of only 'natural' substances
for the treatment of disease.
- Neurotransmitters
- The chemicals given off at the end of a nerve that transmit to the
next nerve or muscles an excitatory signal within the brain. They inhibit
or excite a response. Serotonin, acetylecholine and the catcholamines
depend upon tryptophan, choline, and tyrosine respectively.
- Neutrophil
- A type of white blood cell found in the blood that is part of the
immune system. (see immune system)
- Nicotinic acid (niacin)
- B vitamin which aids lowering of blood cholesterol and protective
against heart disease. Reduces high blood pressure. Also known as nicotinamide.
- Nutrient
- Food substances that are nourishing and which are the supply of materials
for body metabolism. Vitamins, minerals and fatty acids are the micro-nutrients
and fats, carbohydrates and proteins are the macro-nutrients.
- Nutritionist
- A trained nutritionist or nutrition consultant will assess the person's
illness and work with that person to correct individual body biochemistry
imbalances and improve nutrient intake from the diet. Tests can be done
to assess vitamin and mineral levels, look at gut fermentation etc..
- Neural tube defects (NTD)
- Defects of the nervous system, such as spina bifida. Attributed to
deficincies in folic acid and zinc.
- O
TOP
- Obstetrician
- A doctor who specialises in pregnancy and child birth.
- Oedema
- Swelling, retention of fluid in spaces between cells. Oedema is spelled
edema in America.
- Oestrogen
- The female sex hormone secreted in large concentrations by the ovary
and placenta. Responsible for the female secondary sex characteristics.
Oestrogen is spelled estrogen in America. Also produced in theadrenal
glands, fat cells and testes.
- Oral contraceptive
- Orally administered drugs that are derived from ovarian steroids which
interfere with the reproductive process and induce infertility. They
disrupt blood chemistry causing viatmin A and copper levels to be raised
whilst lowering levels of B vitamins and zinc.
- Organelles
- The powerhouses within each cell which rebuild fatty acids, amino
acids and glucose molecules into phospholipids, glycoproteins - substances
which the body uses to renew and rebuild itself.
- Organochlorines
- Organic compounds containing chlorine, including chloroform, DDT,
dioxins and other pesticides.
- Oocyte
- Same as ova. (see ovary and ova)
- Oopherectomy
- Surgical removal of the ovary. (see ovary)
- Ova and Ovum
- The unfertilized egg produced in the ovary. Ovum is singular (one
egg) and Ova more then one. (see ovary)
- Ovarian Follicle
- The cyst like structure that forms on the ovary during the menstrual
cycle and which contains the developing egg and granulosa cells. (see
ovary, ova and granulosa cells)
- Ovary
- Paired almond shaped organs lying in the pelvis that produce hormones
(oestrogen and progesterone) and eggs. (see oestrogen, progesterone
and ova).
- Ovarian cysts
- A fuid filled sac, one or more of which can develop in the ovary.
Most are non-malignant but can reach a very large size and cause gross
swelling and pain. In endometriosis chocolate cysts filled with stale
brown blood are common. With polycystic ovaries many cysts develop.
High copper levels are related to cyst formation. The pill increases
blood copper levels.
- Ovulation
- The process of expulsion of the egg from the ovarian follicle to the
Fallopian tube. (See ova, ovary and Fallopian tube) Occurs around the
14-15th day of a normal cycle.
- Oxytocin
- A protein derived hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that
stimulates uterine contractions during the birthing process and the
release of milk from the breast..
- P
TOP
- Pain
- Suffering, distress of body or mind. Usually caused by disease or
injury but can be emotional pain from trauma.
- Painful Intercourse
-
See Dyspareunia
- Painful Periods or Period Pain
-
See Dysmenorrhea
- Pancreas
- The gland that is located under the liver that functions as both and
endocrine and exocrine gland. As an endocrine gland the pancreas secretes
insulin and glucogon to control the concentration of blood sugar and
as an exocrine gland the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the
intestine. (see diabetes mellitus and endocrine system)
- Peritoneal Cavity
- The lower abdomen (belly) which contains the reproductive tract, bladder,kidneys
and adrenals, small and large intestine, liver, pancreas and stomach.
- Peritoneal Fluid
- The fluid found in the peritoneal cavity. (see peritoneal cavity)
- Petechia
- A small red to purplish red area on the surface of the skin or an
organ that is caused by small broken blood vessels.
- Petechial Implants
- Endometriotic implants that are red and have the appearance of a petechia.
These are the most active implants and cause the most inflammation and
pain. May be producing their own oestrogens.
- Pelvic Inflammatory disease (PID)
- A general infection in the peritoneal cavity that can be caused by
a variety of bacteria that gain entrance into the peritoneal cavity
through the female reproductive tract from poor hygiene or infected
male sperm. The disease is associated with flu like symptoms and adhesions
leading to infertility. (see peritoneal cavity, chlamydia and adhesions).
- Phagocytize
- The ability to ingest (eat) microorganisms or other foreign matter.
The process whereby white blood cells ingest microorganisms. (see macrophage,
immune system and white blood cells)
- Phytochemicals
- Substances found in plants and not animals.
- Phytoestrogens
- Oestrogens present in plants. Isoflavones. lignans, coumestans which
are structurally similar to oesradiol. They have an oestrogen modulating
effect. Lower binding activity than endogenous oestrogens. Found in
soya, wheat, citrus, seeds, pulses and grains.
- Peyers Patches
- Clusters of cells found on the small intestine that are involved in
the immune system. They act as testing stations for 'alien' food particles,
bacteria, parasites, chemicals etc..
- Phthalates
- Phthalic acid diesters are organic chemicals used in industry as plasticizers.
They are therefore found in low levels in foods which are wrapped in
plastics. Some researchers feel that these levels are high enough to
have profound effects on reducing human fertiltiy.
- Pineal Gland
- Gland found in the middle of the brain that secretes the hormone melatonin.
Controls the seasonal changes in the reproductive system and hair growth
in seasonal animals (e.g., sheep & horses)..(see melatonin)
- Pituitary
- Endocrine gland at the base of the brain that secretes a variety of
hormones many of which affect other endocrine glands. The major hormones
of the pituitary that affect the reproductive system are Follicle Stimulating
Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and prolactin. The pituitary
is divided into the anterior (front) and posterior (back) pituitary.
Known as the conductor of the endocrine orchestra. Known to use vitamin
B6 and zinc.
- PMS/PMT
- Premenstrual syndrome/ premenstrual tension. The build up of symptoms
before a period is due. felt to be caused by faulty nutrition or malabsorption
of nutrients. responds to the use of B complex, B6, magnesium, zinc,
chromium, vitamin C and E.
- Placenta
- The tissue that connects the developing foetus to the uterus of the
mother. (see foetus) This organ has to develop over the space of one
month so nutrient intake is crucial to its healthy formation.
- Platelets
- Blood cells that are important in blood clot formation. If they become
too sticky they cause heart disease problems. Vitamin C, E and garlic
and root ginger thin blood. Vitamin K is necessary for blood to clot.
Sugar causes blood to become sticky.
- Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
- Toxic chemicals commonly used in electrical componentsand industrial
processes. Felt to be damaging to the reproductive system. Stored in
body fat so care must be taken when dieting to go slowly.
- Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome PCOS
-
Normally, an ovary develops or ripens one egg for release each month. The egg develops in a follicle or cyst and is released.
In PCOS there are many cysts but due to abnormal hormone levels the follicle does not burst but remains as a cyst.
It may affect up to 10% of women. Some women also have endometriosis.
- Pouch of Douglas
- The blind pouch that makes the bottom of the peritoneal cavity. It
lies between the vagina and the colon and below the left ovary. Also
called the 'cul-de-sac' area of the peritoneal cavity. (see peritoneal
cavity) It is a prime site for endometriotic implants.
- Precursor
- One that precedes another. (coming beforehand).
- Pregnancy
- The normal healthy condition of having a developing embryo or foetus
in the body for nine months gestation. (see embryo and foetus)
- Premarin
- Conjugated oestrogens obtained from the urine of pregnant mares used
for HRT. (see oestrogen)
- Premenstrual
- A few days before a menstrual period. (see menstrual period) PMS symptoms
such as bloating, irritability, headaches, anxiety etc.,often build
up from day 14 -28 of the cycle
- Premenstrual Syndrome or PMS
-
PMS is a group of symptoms related to the menstrual cycle. PMS
affects woman only during the luteal, or latter, phase of their
monthly cycle. The symptoms disappear after the start of the period.
Causes are unclear, some women may be sensitive to the changing hormone
levels during the menstrual cycle. Stress seems to be a factor in
making the PMS worse.
- Prebiotics
- Fructo-oligosaccharides encourages growth of bifidobacteria in the
gut flora. 15mg per day is optimum.
- Probiotics
- These replenish the bifido factor bacteria which inhabit a healthy
gut. The growth of these friendly bacteria encourage oestrogen clearance.
If they are not present in haelthy quantities the oestrogen is reactivated
and sent back into circulation to cause havoc.
- Progesterone
- Female steroid sex hormone which prepares the endometrium of the uterus
for pregnancy and is required for the maintenance of pregnancy. (see
ovary and corpus luteum) Secreted by the corpus luteum in the ovary
once conception has taken place to prepare the womb lining and placenta.
Maintains the pegnancy and prevents release of further eggs from the
ovary.
- Prolactin
- Pituitary hormone which stimulates milk synthesis. (see pituitary
and lactation) It also stimulates the production of progesterone by
the corpus lutuem of the ovary. Excess melatonin causes an increase
in prolactin which lowers zinc and prostaglandins.
- Pronuclei
- The two nuclei that form in the egg after fertilization. One nucleus
contains the genes of the egg (mother) and the other nucleus contains
the genes of the sperm (father).
- Prostaglandin (PG)
- A lipid hormone found in many cells of the body. Some are pro-inflammatory
whilst others are anti-inflammatory.
- Proteins
- A group of complex organic nitrogen-containing compounds found throughout
the body. They are composed of sequential strands of amino acids and
are used for body building and repair, for hormones and enzyme production.(see
chapter nine)
- Pseudo
- Superficial, resemblance, false.
- Pyridoxine
- Vitamin B6. Required for more than 60 enzymes and essential for DNA
and protein synthesis.. It influences the nervous and reproductive system
and plays a vital role in immunity. and avoidance of PMS symptoms. Aids
infertility along with zinc.
- Q
TOP
- R
TOP
- Riboflavin
- Vitamin B2, part of the body's antioxidant mechanism. Needed for correct
thyroid function. Used alongside B5 in the reproductive system.
- Red blood cells
- The major cell type found in the blood. Its main function is to transport
oxygen throughout the body. Also called Erythrocyte.
- Retrograde
- To move backwards. Endometriosis may be a result of retrograde menstruation,
that is, menstrual flow into the peritoneal cavity via the Fallopian
tubes instead of into the vagina.
- S
TOP
- Satyriasis
- An extreme degree of promiscuous heterosexual behaviour in middle
aged married men, usual at conferences and high complexity laboratory
inspections of other Directors.
- Scurvy
- A disease condition that develops as a result of Vitamin C deficiency.
People with scurvy have anaemia, weakness, spongy gums and a tendency
to bleed. (see anemia)
- Selenium
- A nonmetallic element resembling sulphur.. Small amounts of selenium
are required for normal metabolism. Major antioxidant. Needed for thyroid
function alongside iodine. Significant in sperm motility.
- Seminal fluid
- The fluid in the ejaculate that contains sperm. (see sperm and testes)
High levels of zinc in each ejaculation, 1.5mg
- Sertoli Cell
- The cells of the testes that surround the developing sperm. They supply
nutrients to the developing sperm and secrete fluids that help push
the sperm out of the testes and into the epididymus. (see sperm, testes
and epididymus)
- Serotonin
- A coumpound in tissues, blood platelets, intestinal walls and the
brain which is felt to play a role in inflammation. Concerned with the
process of sleep.
- Sex steroids
- Lipid soluble steroid hormones involved in the reproductive process.
They include: Oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone. (see steroids,
oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone) good quality cis fatty acids
are essential for their formation.
- SIDS
- Sudden infant death syndrome.
- Slippery elm
- A herb which soothes irritated tissues especially mucus membranes
such as those in the digestive tract.
- Sperm
- The male reproductive cell produced in the testes and which contains
the genes of the father. (see testes and seminal fluid) The head and
tail of the sperm depend upon zinc.
- Spermatogenesis
- Formation of sperm in the testes. (see sperm and testes)
- Spermatozoa
- Same as sperm.
- Stages
-
The American Society for Reproductive Medicine defined four stages to
endometriosis.
Stage I Minimal. Few or superficial implants are
evident in the early stages of endometriosis.
Stage II Mild. More implants and deeper involvement.
Stage III Moderate. More implants, with ovaries affected and the
presence of adhesions.
Stage IV Severe. As Stage III, but with multiple and more dense
adhesions.
- Steroid
- A group of lipid soluble biochemical substances which chemically resemble
cholesterol. Cholesterol is the precursor for all steroid hormones.
Vitamin D is also closely involved. The atoms of steroids are arranged
in four rings. The major steroid producing organs of the body include
the: Ovary, testes, adrenal gland and placenta.
- Stilbestrol
- Synthetic non-steroid oestrogen, known as DES (diethyl stilbestrol)
in America. (see DES)
- Stillbirth
- When a child is dead at birth.
- Super oxide dismutase (SOD)
- A highly reactive enzyme that neutralizes free oxidised radicals (FoR's).
(see free radicals)
- Synergism
- Working together for the good of each other.
- Symbiotic relationship
- When two organisms work together for the benefit of both organisms.
- T
TOP
- T Cells
- A type of cell that helps the immune system; also known as T helper
Cells. which switch the immune system on and T-suppressor which switch
the immune system off. (see immune system)
- Teratogen
- A substance, agent or process that induces the formation of developmental
abnormalities in a foetus. (see foetus) e.g. excess vitamin A
- Teratogenesis
- The process leading to developmental abnormalities in the foetus.
e.g. alcohol, thalidomide, measles.
- Testes
- The paired organs located in the scrotum under the penis. The site
of production of sperm and testosterone. (see sperm and testosterone)
- Testosterone
- Major masculinising hormone produced in large amounts by the male
testes. Dependent upon vitamin E and zinc for its manufacture.
- Thyroid
- The endocrine gland that controls the overall level of metabolism
in the body. It is located in the neck and secretes the hormone thyroxine,
T3 and T4 (see metabolism, TSH and thyroxine)
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- The hormone secreted by the pituitary that stimulates the thyroid
gland to produce thyroxine. (see thyroid and thyroxine)
- Thymus
- A ductless gland that is found under the breast bone. Doubles in size
by puberty and shrinks thereafter. Functional tissue is replaced by
fatty tissue.. Involved with the early development of the immune system
and the main production site for T-lymphocytes which migrate from bone
marrow to mature in the thymus (white blood cells associated with anti-body
production). (see immune system) . Zinc dependent organ.
- Thyroxine
- The major hormone secreted by the thyroid. Thyroxine regulates general
metabolism. (see thyroid) Iodine dependent, Requires riboflavin, vitamin
B2, selenium, tyrosine and vitamin E for its formation. Antagonistsc
with oestrogen. If oestrogen is too high thyroxine will be low and visa
versa.
- Tocopherol
- See vitamin E.
- Tonsils
- A small almond shaped mass on the back of the mouth that is composed
mostly of lymphoid tissue. They are believed to be a source of the white
blood cells that phagocytize (eat) the bacteria that enter the mouth
and nose. (see lymph system, phagocytize and white blood cells)
- Transit time
- In reference to the digestive system, transit time is the time that
foodstuffs spend in the gastrointestinal tract from the time of ingestion
to defecation. Should be 18hours).(see Gastro-intestinal tract)
- U
TOP
- Uterus
- The organ of the reproductive system were pregnancy occurs. Also called
the womb It is a muscular organ that is about the size of a small fist
that has an inner lining of mucous-like tissue called the endometrium..
(see endometrium) Magnesium aids relaxation of uterine muscles.
- V
TOP
- Vagina
- The lower part of the female reproductive tract that connects the
cervix of the uterus to the exterior. (see uterus and cervix)
- Vaginismus
-
This is when the muscles that surround the vagina tighten in a strong,
involuntary way that restricts the entrance of the vaginal canal.
This condition causes penetration to be difficult and painful, or
even impossible.
- GnRH Analogs
-
- Villi
- Finger like projection in membranes of the gut which can be damaged
by gluten grains in susceptible people. The villi increase the surafce
area for nutrients to be absorb, so damage leads to malabsorption.
- Vitamins
- a general term for a group of unrelated biochemical substances that
occur in food in small amounts and are required for normal metabolic
functioning of the body. They may be either water soluble or fat soluble
substances.
- Vitamin A
- A vitamin found primarily in fish liver oils and some yellow and dark
green vegetables, functioning in normal cell growth and development.
Deficiency causes roughening and hardening of the skin, night blindness
and deterioration of mucous membranes in the lung etc.. Exists in two
forms: Vitamin Retinol and Beta carotene. Excess amounts of vitamin
A is toxic.
- Vitamin B complex
- Water soluble vitamins found primarily in yeast, liver, eggs, and
certain vegetables.Taking too much of one B vitamin can cause shortages
of the others. Lowered by the pill. Also produced in the small intestine
by bifido bacteria.
- Vitamin B1
- Thiamine, Deficiency can cause learning defects.
- Vitamin B2
- Riboflavin. Deficiency can cause limb defects.
- Vitamin B3
- Nicotinamide or niacin. Deficiencies can cause hare-lip or cleft palate.
- Vitamin B6
- Pyridoxine - most commonly deficient especially in pill, HRT or other
sex hormone takers because of their abnormal amine metabolism. Lowered
by the pill. Deficiency can cause depression, urinary tract cancer or
dermatitis. Precursor of progesterone
- Vitamin B12
- Cyanocobalamine. Often deficient in smokers or vegetarians.
- Vitamin B complex
- Folic acid. Lowered by the pill, HRT and fertility stimulants. Taking
the pill causes localised folate deficiency of the cervix which may
trigger cervical cancer. Extra required during pregnancy. Deficiency
can cause anaemia and spina bifida. (see anemia and HRT) Asprin, anesthietic
gas, sulfasallzine interfere with folate absorption. Has oestrogenic
properties.
- Choline. Important in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)
and other phospholipids, DNA and RNA. Incecticides inactivate choline-enzymes
whic prevents the uptake of manganese in plants, which is then linked
to a fall in manganese absorbtion. Choline and inositol are important
in liver enzyme function for aiding the degrading of oestrogens so that
they can be excreted safely by the body.
- Inositol. Aids choline is oestrogen degredation in the liver. Involved
in the synthesis of phospholipids so is essential for the digestion
and absorption of fats and their uptake by cells.
- Biotin.Not a true vitamin as it is made by the bifido bacteria in
the gut. Prevents overgrowth of yeats in the intestines. Biotin deficinecy
resemles Alzheimers disease. Drugs like antibiotics cause a deficiency.
- Vitamin C
- Ascorbic acid. Water soluble vitamin present in rose hip powder and
chilli peppers. Lowered by pill hormones, smoking and tetracyclines.
Anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-histamine. Smokers are deficient as
each cigarette burns up 25mg Vit C.
- Vitamin D
- Fat soluble vitamin that is produced in response to skin exposure
to the sun. Also found in fish oils. Deficiencies in Vitamin D cause
rickets. A precursor to cholesterol and felt to be a hormone in its
own right. Deficiency may cause problems in hormone formation.
- Vitamin E
- Fat soluble vitamin that belongs to the tocopherol family and found
in wheat germ oil, cereals, egg yolk. Rats fed a Vitamin E deficient
diet have fertility problems. Important in preventing sticky platelets
and blood clots.
- Vitamin K
- A fat soluble vitamin, has two forms phytomenadione (plant origin)
and menaquinone (animal origin) and is required for normal blood clot
formation. Found in alfalfa, spinach, cabbage, fish meal, egg yolk.
- W
TOP
- White blood cells
- A free-floating cell found in the blood that helps the immune system.
Also called leukocytes (see leukocytes, T cells and macrophage)
- Womb
- See Uterus.
- X
TOP
- Xenoestrogens
- Oestrogens which are from outside of the body. They are oestrogens
which are metabolised in the body from synthetics man-made chemicals.
They disrupt normal hormone profiles. Body fat stores these chemicals
and relaeses then as weight is lost. High exposure to these chemicals
can disrupt oestrogen levels and may be related to endometriosis.
- Z
TOP
- Zinc
- Metal co-factor necessary for the correct functioning of reproduction
and the immune system. Lowered by the pill. Available in oysters and
red meat. (see sperm and vitamin B6)
- Zoladex
-
Zoladex is commonly used for women with endometriosis. It is limited to women of
18 years and older and for periods up to 6 months in duration. Further treatments
causes anxiety about bone density and bone mineral loss. 28 days supply of Zoladex
is planted subcutaneously under the supervision of a physician. It is in the family
of GnRH analog and puts the womans body into a state similar to menopause, the side
effects are similar to menopausal symtoms.
- Zygote
- The newly fertilised ovum before cleavage begins. (see fertilised)